b) climate and vegetation Even so, the packing arrangement will differ, and thus laboratory measurements using recompacted samples provide only approximations of the field effective porosity values. b) 100 meters C. A. What kind of boundary is most likely to have volcanoes and earthquakes associated with it b) quartz does not weather and so it keeps the granite from weathering From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity? b) reverse d) rock slide a) well sorted sandstone b) irrigation d) recrystalization of minerals c) limestone The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge. C. c) compacted clay Most simply, the aquifer's porosity and permeability (defined above) are variables that govern its hydraulic conductivity and storativity. a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions a) water pressure combinations that make for the best groundwater reservoir? d) all of the above, El nino is a condition that brings increased precipitation to the eastern Pacific Ocean basin when: Hydrogeology (hydro-meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).The terms groundwater hydrology, geohydrology, and hydrogeology are often used interchangeably.. Hydrogeology is the study of the laws governing the movement of . 2. extract groundwater and treat it and the soil - not efficient or productive Well Construction 8. c) thrust 2. septic tanks It is written as either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. b) a great variety of rock types as clasts a) s strong current b) a depth equal to three times the wavelength of waves d) dunes formed by wind, What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings? c) a 4 billion year age on a rock in Canada Aquifers Layers which hold usable amounts of water are called aquifers. c) a longshore current b) the amount of sediment in rivers D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. a) along the equator b) rapid seafloor spreading displaces water from ocean basins a) calm waters in a lagoon b) near the poles cause groundwater to flow in curved upward path to streams and lakes, a well that brings pressurized water to the surface without pumping In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts c) does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts d) is constant from one type of material to another. Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) wells are part of a system to take surplus fresh surface water, treat it as required for permit compliance, and then store it in the Floridan Aquifer System (FAS) for subsequent recovery during dry periods. water percolates straight down - pull of gravity, zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water b) bigger and rounder as they are transported 35. d) glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea, d) glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea, which of the following is not a way a glaicer moves downhill? a) S waves Porosity is the amount (or volume) of void in a rock compared to the total amount of the rock. Terminologies used in groundwater hydrology Although the earth's materials i . c) a burner gives heat through the air without touching the object For example, water flowing through a porous sandstone flows more slowly than water flowing through a granite or limestone when the porosity is provided by just one or two narrow fissures. It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). c) hot water is trapped below the seafloor is released In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored B. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts C. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts D. is constant from one type of material to another. a) steepness of slope 34. So how fast does water flow underground? e) weather it is a permanent or ephemeral stream, d) the velocity and turbulence of the current, which of the following features are generally not associated with mountain streams and rivers? Igneous and metamorphic rocks generally have very low porosity, because of their interlocking crystals. d) marine terraces d) all of the above d) a gradual change in the climate b) recycled waste water b) rotation of minerals into a common orientation In a material that holds groundwater, porosity. b) iron ore d) uncompacted clay c) cementation b) lakes c) Delaware, Maryland This is common in limestones, which are dissolved by acidic rainwater and groundwater: immense caverns may be formed by this process. Permeability For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. d) seawater is drawn into a mid ocean ridge, which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling? c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast c) the crust is stronger What Is Porosity And How Is It Related To Permeability? This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. c) floods from catastrophic melting of ice Groundwater . 4. leads to saline intrusions d) cleavage c) warm air flowing around the equator due to the Earth's rotation e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties? a) mid-ocean ridges d) some parts that are reddish and others that are not An aquifer is defined as a body of rock or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it. c) Divergent The cement in consolidated sedimentary rocks occupies what would otherwise be spaces between the grains, so a cemented sandstone, for example, will be less porous than a loose sand with grains of similar size. Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes e) all of the above are ways fossils can be preserved, e) all of the above are ways fossils can be preserved, To what does the term evolution refer? Figure 14 Porosity in unconsolidated sediments ((a) to (c)): (a) is well sorted, having high porosity; (b) is poorly sorted having low porosity; (c) has angular grains and low porosity; and in consolidated rocks ((d) to (f)): (d) has porosity diminished by cementation; (e) has solution porosity as it has partially dissolved; (f) has fracture porosity. d) mars, What causes a water molecule to be polar? what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? 6. attract more contaminants Sediments decrease in porosity as the angularity of the grains increases because the grains can pack more closely together, the bumps of some grains fitting into indentations in others (Figure 14c). This results in a soil moisture content in volume . which of the following is a principle to interpret relative ages? c) rock vanish a) sunlight and photosynthesis d) they can be too small to see but can build diagnostic features in the rocks From the following data, obtained at 360K360 \mathrm{~K}360K: (b) determine the initial rate of disappearance of X\mathrm{X}X when the concentration of X\mathrm{X}X is 0.30M0.30 \mathrm{M}0.30M and that of Y\mathrm{Y}Y is 0.40M0.40 \mathrm{M}0.40M. c) uplift and unloading of pressure The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. c) the present is the key to the past c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks c) fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . d) migration of deserts and advances of the sea a) an abrupt change is the composition of the sediment d) south America rifted apart from Africa 3. landfills The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1). d) composite volcano, which of the following processes is not considered to be chemical weathering? e) a and b only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up? b) magnetism Groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). b) bottled spring water Porosity determines the amount of water that a rock or sediment can contain. d) prevailing wind direction Hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters per day. c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion c) mid-ocean ridge d) strike-slip a) scoria cone a.Why is the sample in Figure 14a a well-sorted sediment, and why are Figures 14b and c poorly sorted sediments? a) scratched and polished bedrock c) intermolecular bond c) the lava flow breaks apart as it flows d) the upper part of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year, d) the upper part of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year, what rock type is the most common setting for caves formed by dissolution of a rock? Porosity and Permeability. c) confined c) counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere d) no waves, what time period do we currently live in? d) piece of wood X+YZ\mathrm{X}+\mathrm{Y} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Z} Groundwater separated from atmospheric pressure by relatively impermeable material is termed confined groundwater . In the zone of weather called the ____________, pressure always _________ with increasing altitude and temperature usually _________ with increasing altitude. c) we conclude from observations to form theories. However, there are volcanic rocks that contain gas bubbles and some of these have high porosities. The total volume of open space in which the groundwater can reside is porosity. a) a weak current d) silicates c) as a general term to describe how, something such as a landscape has changed over time c) demobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands c. Cl2\mathrm{Cl}_2Cl2 will have a higher boiling point than Ar\mathrm{Ar}Ar. d) all of the above e) all of the above can be, which of the following is a common metamorphic process? (Source: Environment Canada) D a. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts b. is constant from one type of material to another c. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts d. controls the amount of water that can be stored The permeability of a material refers to. defined at body of water at that location d) the lower parts of the glacier flows faster that the upper part, d) the lower parts of the glacier flows faster that the upper part, which of the following is not a type of evidence left behind by glaciers? OpenLearn works with other organisations by providing free courses and resources that support our mission of opening up educational opportunities to more people in more places. b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is: Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying. However, in some cases, physical sampling methods may increase or decrease the sample porosity. (Hide tip)]. b) Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska c) biosphere b) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change c) volcanic glass However, groundwater, even flowing through rocks with hydraulic conductivities as high as 1 m per day, will only have a speed of around 3 103 m per day under the hydraulic gradient from the Chilterns to London, and will take thousands of years to travel the same distance. Q/A. d) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking water from? permanent - can stop it but not undo it, 1. pesticides and herbicides b) melting and solidification must drill deeper, Letter - Part 3 Type Styles and typeface desi, Chapt 2 Letters - part 2 Classification of Le. e) none of these, which of the following is not one of the main families of rocks? b) near magma but at deep levels e) we use all of these techniques, what is associated with reversed magnetic polarity? e) continental shelves, which of the following parts of the seafloor are the shallowest ? a)the magnetic properties of oxygen It fills the pores and fractures in underground materials such as sand, gravel, and other rock, much the same way that water fills a sponge. c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms d) it is converted into feldspar and weathers into clay, c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches, which of the following is not a source of material for soil? B. . b) the crust is thicker e) all the above, which of the following is true about how shorelines are affected from the water side? Much groundwater is used for irrigation. Porosity and Permeability Lab Porosity and Permeability Lab The terms porosity and permeability are related. c) metamorphic d) a fault on land has a large displacement a) adding water to a slope An estimated 77 billion gallons per day of fresh groundwater was pumped in the United States in 1995, which is about 8 percent of the estimated 1 trillion gallons per day of natural recharge to the Nation's groundwater resources. reduces the water table (lower in the ground), 1955- 1977 (22 yrs) lost 30 feet of land - yearly average 30/22, less room to store ground water - permanent e) shallow, clear waters off Iceland, which of the following can we understand by studying sedimentary rocks? e) none of the above, c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment, factors that affect the appearance of a shoreline include: d) all of the above a) as small clay minerals that are deposited in lakes and the sea It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. a) divergent Weve pioneered distance learning for over 50 years, bringing university to you wherever you are so you can fit study around your life. Tens to thousands of cubic meters of earth materials are often sampled during field-scale tests. 1. the number of conduits or pathways between pore spaces, layer that separates a water resource (aquifer) in the earth so that the water can't get through it, groundwater that is accessible as a water resource, A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water, A body of rock that will not transmit water at all, The boundary (top) of the saturated zone of groundwater and the unsaturated zone, top of the groundwater system a) the depth to which wave action extends c) seamounts d) prettiness, a mineral property that can be observed without using a test is: d) V-shaped valleys The amount of water held between field capacity and permanent wilting . Which of the following materials has low porosity and low permeability. d) a change in climate of the region e) Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessese, what are some ways that geology controls ecology? effects of excess pumping of fresh water wells in coastal area, well could start yielding useless salt water, lowering of the water table around a pumping well If one has two wells close together on tight rock, the areas of influence between the wells can overlap, reducing yields in both wells. The morphology and porosity of prepared composite material were observed by SEM analysis. e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? 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