After being told that he couldn't do a series on African writers because there was no African literature. "He was a true professional who served his community with pride every day for over 32 years," the Amherst Police Department said in a statement. Anthropologist-linguist Ivan Van Sertima has set ablaze a mini-controversy with his thesis that Africans set foot upon - and made significant cultural impact on - the New World 22 centuries before Columbus sailed into the West Indies. Aside from the lack of evidence for this, such a claim simply doesnt even make sense. EARLY PRESENCE OF BLACKS IN AMERICAS DEBATED. Van Sertima claimed that Bakari II had a fleet of ships and set off from the west coast of Africa across the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico and influenced the Vera Cruz region of what is now modern-day Mexico. [5], Van Sertima completed his master's degree at Rutgers in 1977. The journal required that reprints must include the entire article and would have had to include the original authors' response (written but not published) to his response. Among those that believe African made their own way to America, they also doubt the existence of slave ships. But early African contact, by free peoples, is being viewed in school curriculum development as a source of pride for a large segment of the modern school population, to counter what Van Sertima termed "disrespect for the Africans" who had built early civilizations and empires in their own homelands long before European contact. Required fields are marked *. Haslip-Vierra, de Montellano and Barbour. Van Sertima spent his career pushing pseudoscience of this type, even editing and publishing most of his own work in his own edited journals (because other journals would not accept his fringe work). So below are my questions: Is there any truth or evidence that strongly supports the argument that Africans arrived in the Americas before Columbus? One of the most striking pieces of evidence is the negroid statues, statues of peoples with thick lips and wide noses. Experts have determined that the gourds floated across the Atlantic and washed ashore in the Americas to be adopted by Mesoamerican cultures. And he started work, using his own money. White ppll pulled up to America and realize the whole country was filled with black ppl. Photo: These Sioux Indians in the Black Hills area of Custer, S.D. Ivan Gladstone Van Sertima (26 January 1935 25 May 2009) was a Guyanese-born British associate professor of Africana Studies at Rutgers University in the United States. Not only because of the apparent Asian features of some of the Olmec sculptures, but Xu also attempted to draw a connection between the Olmec script and Chinese characters. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. In Hidden Colors, a documentary by filmmaker Tariq Nasheed, Dr. Umar Johnson, a doctor of Clinical Psychology, is interviewed and claims that Africans were going back and forth engaging in cultural and economic trade before Columbus. [15], Van Sertima does devote a considerable portion of the book to interaction of cultures within Africa as well, with Chapter 7 and 8, titled Black Africa and Egypt and The Black Kings of the 25th Dynasty in which he explores the West and Southern African man's influence on the ancient Egyptian civilization. During the 1960s, he worked for several years in Great Britain as a journalist, doing weekly broadcasts to the Caribbean and Africa. Columbus never claimed that he saw black people in the Americas. Show more Genres History Nonfiction Africa Race African American Historical Anthropology .more 284 pages, Paperback First published January 1, 1976 In fact, Columbus writes that they were not black. What did I know or was taught? He talks about the risk factors for Bitcoin as an investment asset including origin risk, speculative market structure, regulatory, and environment. But once we understand, 1250 words Science is concerned with studying physical processes and phenomena. Back in December of 2015, I published an article refuting the notion that the Olmecsand other pre-Colombian civilizationswere started by Negroid peoples. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Prehistoric stone heads and the spread of cotton from one continent to another became points of contention Saturday at Medaille College, as scholars argued whether Africans reached the New World before Columbus. - Ivan Van Sertima Barbour, who has studied more than a quarter million figurines from Mesoamerican areas cited by Van Sertima, said the depictions even more easily could portray facial types of native Americans, and no convincing evidence supports African influence on Mesoamerican architecture or culture. Probably Columbus did not believe this and that fact in itself would not be enough because the so-called Black people could be any people. It sounds like someone chose to record himself reading the book and decided to upload the files to YouTube. "Columbus is not just a man, lic is a symbol. Isnt it weird how Van Sertima and other Afrocentrists use the same type of tactics as pseudoscientists (i.e., ad hoc hypothesizing)? Van Sertima's work on Olmec civilization has been criticised by Mesoamerican academics,[17] who describe his claims to be ill-founded and false. Van Sertima quit and wrote the series for an independent company. This book is dense with presented evidence and deserves serious study. Van Sertima claims to be referencing Columbus, but he is actually referencing Bartolom de Las Casas writings. In his book, "They Came Before Columbus," Van Sertima, a Rutgers professor, says that African influences can be found in an array of cultural similarities between Africa and the ancient Americas - pyramid construction, the use of boat litters, the parasol, the plumed serpent motif, bronze-casting techniques. Wow, so you (your black ancestors) got there before the Indians and the Europeans? [13] This was a record of the conference held in Johannesburg, South Africa, in September 1998 on the theme of the African Renaissance. However, their African ancestors had survived relatively dark-skinned (carrying the old haplogroup C) in Oceania for over 100,000 years Continue Reading More answers below Rasager Aa There is the part about how whites were slaves to Blacks (muslim ones) for hundreds of years. Anthropologists, archaeologists, historians and linguists alike have debunked much of the evidence that Menzies used to support his notion, which has come to be called the 1421 theory. Moreover, the slave narratives all make it very clear that the enslaved population in the Americas came from Africa so much so that in Cuba some enslaved persons committed suicide, in hope that their spirit would return to Africa. Sidenote: I enjoyed the story of Mali in Chapter 3. "The problem was not that the research hadn't been done," he says, "but that no one had examined the available documents and material and pulled from together.". Ancient Egypt is regarded as one of the greatest earliest civilizations that has captured the attention and imagination of historians and laypeople alike for years. Recently, I've been handed a book called "They Came before Columbus" by Ivan Sertima, which asserts that Africans had discovered and traded with the native people of the Americas long before Columbus arrived. However, Afrocentrists then make the claim that the natives of Mesoamerica regarded them as gods, and so they sculpted these statues in order to honor them (sounds like Ancient Aliens, to me). But Van Sertima always defended his book. Both the Mandingo people of Africa and the Quetzalcoatl people of the Americas undergo a ritual of self-flagellating dances (dances of penance and chastisement) in which the dancers may wrap themselves in thorns or lash themselves with thorns. There is also a vast body of knowledge to be uncovered about Africa and America. Black settlements developed at the end points of major currents from Africa, he contended. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. These discs were placed above entrances of inner chambers of temples in Egypt and above temple door lintels in pre-Columbian America. Several words are also similar with similar meanings such as nama-tigi or ama-tigi from the Bambara of the Mandingos and aman-teca from the Nahuatl of Mexico, both of which refer to master or chief or headman. Van Sertima presents an argument for the transformation of the word banana with African origins. [5] They further noted that in the 1980s, Van Sertima had changed his timeline of African influence, suggesting that Africans made their way to the New World in the 10th century B.C., to account for more recent independent scholarship in the dating of Olmec culture. Intertribal slavery amongst the Indians was universal and transitioned easily with European interest. Did we learn anything in there that I had simply forgotten? But where did Menzies come up with the idea that it was Asians, not Europeans, who first arrived in America from other countries? One could do worse. (Van Sertima, 1972: xiv; They Came Before Colombus). In Chapter Four, "Africans Across the Sea", Van Sertima explores numerous ways that he claims Africans could have travelled by boat to South and Central America. For example, Van Sertimas claims that the Olmec heads are Negroid due to the broad flat noses runs into a major problem: nose shape is dictated by climate; the climate of Mesoamerica and Africa is similar; the function of nose shape is to moisten air before it goes into the lungs; therefore, since climate is dictated by nose shape and the climate of Mesoamerica and Africa is similar, then they have similar-shaped noses due to the climate they lived in. Despite this, some individuals would argue: A mass colony of Africans were not shipped from Africa to America. Alas, none exist. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America originally published in 1976 was written by professor Dr. Ivan Van Sertima. Professor Ivan van Sertima, They Came before Columbus A review by Femi Akomolafe, 19 January 1995. Your email address will not be published. "Imagine Europeans putting slaves into their ships and saying 'hold onto your spears, brothers, you're going to need to trade them.' Van Sertima's Journal of African Civilizations was not considered for inclusion in Journals of the Century. However, Columbus actually sent back on a mail boat to Spain samples of these gold-tipped metal spears. In a Medaille College debate moderated by Jesse E. Nash Jr., a Canisius College professor, Barbour and Van Sertima squared off over a theory that has found its way into American classrooms through adoption of "multicultural" materials and curricula. One of the most baffling claims to me is the idea that the slave trade happened inreverseand that Native Americans were shipped to Africa, not the other way around. This statement is horribly misinformed. There are some problems with this theory. It could be dark, bronze people from South America. All human behavioral traits are, 4150 words Introduction It is claimed that genes (DNA sequences) have a special, privileged role in the development of all traits. This two-way trade never happened. No man who believes his history began with slavery can be a healthy man. Of course I was taken aback by the bold claim. Long time lurker, first time poster. The majority of us here in America the descendant of slaves were already aboriginal in America and were the slave population of choice. Critics in anthropology and archaeology have stated that They Came Before Columbus portrays Native Mesoamerican peoples as inferior and incapable of developing highly sophisticated civilizations, cultures, and technologies without the influence of Africans arriving by boat as "gods" in their eyes, as Van Sertima puts it. on Sept. 2, 1948. 1. The Pseudohistory of Who Discovered America", "Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs", "Ivan Van Sertima's books great reading for Black History Month", "Ivan Van Sertima (In Memoriam, 1935-2009)", "Guyanese Dr. Ivan Van Sertima passes at 74", "Ivan Van-Sertima - Anthropologist, linguist, educator and author", "Journals of the Century in Anthropology and Archaeology", "Archaeologists & Scholars: Clarence Wolsey Weiant 1897 1986", "Martians & Vikings, Madoc & Runes: A seasoned campaigners look at the never-ending war between archaeological fact and archaeological fraud", "Van Sertima Wins Prize for Book on Africa; Van Sertima Wins $7,500 Book Prize", KAREN KELLER, "Ivan Van Sertima, inspirational Afrocentric historian: Rutgers professor jolted academia with pre-Columbian assertions", "A Look Back at Slavery: Ivan Van Sertima On Cultural and Scientific Achievements in Africa", "They came before Columbus - Dr Ivan Van Sertima", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Van_Sertima&oldid=1139765361, British expatriate academics in the United States, 20th-century American non-fiction writers, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1999, "The Lost Science of Africa: An Overview", in, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 20:06. There was Nelson Mandelas fight against apartheid in South Africa. The word for tobacco also has African roots as well as the refinement of the practice of oral pipe smoking. Van Sertima even argued that in several writings Columbus suggested that Africans were in the Americas before he was. "I nver expected any money," he explains. [16], Van Sertima argues that African contact likely happened more than once. Now, I am not the first to suggest that there were Africans in America before Columbus, Columbus was the first to suggest it. (LogOut/ Never seen a more deluded person. Many of the cultural pieces of evidence also provide intriguing support to Van Sertimas thesis, though many may legitimately be debated as coincidences or artefacts resulting simply from commonalities in how the human brain interprets the world. Did the Spanish also assay the spears of West Africa to know what ratio of gold, silver and copper alloys were found in the African spears? Van Sertima also makes it appear that after the Nubians made contact with the Olmecs, that their civilization almost instantaneously appeared. We need to know about the time when we had empires. 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Van Sertima was convinced there was a connection between ancient Africa and the Americas. I have, 2600 words What do normativity and intentionality mean? These people essentially provide written testimonies that support Van Sertimas thesis. "People have different definitions of realism," he added, pointing out stylistic conventions and showing slides that depicted convincingly similar but totally unrelated rattlesnake scale designs from the early American city of Teotihuacan and decorations on a Louis XVI commode. And numerous Negroid portraits and masks were found with them. Ivan Van Sertima They Came Before Columbus : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America originally published in 1976 was written by professor Dr. Ivan Van Sertima. There are, of course, numerous problems with these claims: most importantly, the evidence that Van Sertima provides in his book to prove an ancient African presence in America is highly lacking. "While I was doing it," he recalls, "I asked myself why was I studying African writers in English.Why didn't I know an African language? The books showed an African and Arabic influence on medeival Mexican and South languages prior to European contact. 'Roots' goes back to the time when the damage was beginning. Phil Valentine is even more confused. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 5000 words Introduction General Intelligence or g is championed as the hallmark discovery of psychology. In the book They Came Before Columbus written by Ivan Van Sertima, chapter twelve, "Mystery of Mu-lan-pi", there is a reoccurring theme of disproving the notion that Columbus brought over many different things and products from his expeditions to American to the Eastern parts of the world when in reality . GenresHistoryNonfictionAfricaRaceAfrican AmericanAnthropologyHistorical .more 284 pages, Paperback First published January 1, 1976 Book details & editions What meaning do these ideas have for 20th-century people? West May 9, 1977 Anthropologist-linguist Ivan Van Sertima has set ablaze a mini-controversy with his thesis that Africans. I wasn't halfway through this book and I was thoroughly offended, but I finished it just to hear their point of view. While many found Van Sertimas scholarship flawed, his theory has many supporters. How could Africans, who are not popularly known as seamen, have crossed the 1.500 Atlantic miles to the American continents? You have permission to edit this article. "I kept quiet about my work. Columbus was quoted before as noting that the natives sometimes painted themselves black, so for all we know the black people being referred to were people who were painted black as opposed to black skinned people. Despite this, there were however, agreed upon black kings of the 25th dynasty such as Taharqa. "[20][n 2], In 1981 Dean R. Snow, a professor of anthropology, wrote that Van Sertima "uses the now familiar technique of stringing together bits of carefully selected evidence, each surgically removed from the context that would give it a rational explanation". "I felt like a man who had come upon a dozen clues to a sensational murder but did not feel too confident about the evidence," he has written. If you lift that shadow, you help repair that damage. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. pre-Columbian contact between Africa and the Americas, "Goodbye Columbus? How can these accounts be explained away? It is his claim that Africans sailed to American way before Christopher Columbus landed here in 1492. However, Columbus actually sent back on a mail boat to Spain, samples of these gold-tipped metal spears. Are you prioritizing your cable entertainment bill over protecting and investing in your family? My best guess would be from somewhere(s) in west and/or maybe central Africa. Last week came purported evidence that the Chinese admiral Zheng He sailed his great fleet of junks round the world a century before Columbus, Da Gama and Magellan. Columbus actually said in the journal of his second voyage when he was in Haiti, then known as Espanola, Native Americans came to him and told him that Black people had come in large boats from the south and southeast trading in gold-tipped metal spears. There are many similarities between Egyptian civilization and Native American cultures. Below are pictures of various Olmec sculptures. They noted that Olmec stone heads were carved hundreds of years prior to the claimed contact and only superficially appear to be African; the Nubians whom Van Sertima had claimed as their originators do not resemble these "portraits". Van Sertima, 42, here Saturday for the concluding day of the third annual black writers conference sponsored by Howard University, said the pervious to original thought, who will letters exposed Daniel as "a man imnot even do honest battle with ideas he contends but tries to drown out in a sea of vituperation and abuse.". In They Came Before Columbus, Van Sertima argues that Egyptian journey to the Americas happened during the rule of the 25th dynasty, which was the Kushite dynasty that ruled Egypt. But the claims presented in Hidden Colors and the claims presented by others who promote the notion of Black aboriginals are so misinformed that in many cases they just seem nonsensical. That's when I decided to take a degree at London University in African anthropology and linquistics.". As the dogma slowly gets pushed out of science and history we are coming to realize that people of all. The researchers wrote a systematic rebuttal of Van Sertima's claims, stating that Van Sertima's "proposal was without foundation" in claiming African diffusion as responsible for prehistoric Olmec culture (in present-day Mexico). I noted before that Van Sertimas claims were flawed in some respects, but his arguments were still logical in certain respects and he did attempt to provide documentation for at least some of his claims even if at times the documentation he presented was misleading. They follow that quote with this statement: "In spite of the above evidence, education and curriculum development literature are generally silent on the Olmecs" (pg 5). The slave ship narrative is a myth. Open Document. What did we believe in? Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. While his Olmec theory has "spread widely in African American community, both lay and scholarly", it was mostly ignored in Mesoamericanist scholarship, and has been dismissed as Afrocentric pseudoarchaeology[2] and pseudohistory to the effect of "robbing native American cultures". 1337 Words. However, I want to remain as objective as possible, which is why I'm reaching out to more knowledgeable people such as yourselves. Should we give reparations to black Americans, being that they, 5500 words Introduction Hereditarians champion Asians (specifically East Asians) as proof of their gene-centric worldviewthat their genetic constitution allows their stellar performance in educational and, 2100 words Many people believe that a thing called the G-spotGrafenberg spotexists. Van Sertima reached larger audiences through chapters narrated by figures of the past, including Christopher Columbus and the Mali king Abu Bakr II. When I thought about it more, I realized that in high school and probably prior I had learned about American History, Western European History, the dynasties of China and Egypt, but what about where my people were likely from? They Were Not Here Before Columbus: Afrocentricity in the 1990's Bernard Ortiz de Montellano Download Free PDF Related Papers Plant Evidence for Contact Between African and the New World Bernard Ortiz de Montellano Download Free PDF View PDF Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs Bernard Ortiz de Montellano Glyn Daniel, an archaeology professor at Cambridge University, called Van Sertima's book "ignorant rubbish" in a review he wrote for The New York Times Book Review. Kenneth L. FedderKenneth L. Feder, a specialist in archaeological pseudoscience, addresses prevalent misconceptions about the settlement of the Americas, discussing how they are stimulated by ethnic pride and religious faith, propagated uncritically in the media, and accepted by students. This video is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Ivan Van Sertima who made is transition on May 25th, 2009. Mansa Musa never sailed to America. Columbus actually said in the journal of his second voyage This is an inference that Van Sertima makes, but he presents his inference as a fact. Van Sertima tells of the emergence of the Mali kingdom and its seafaring ventures, thus providing evidence for sailing capabilities of West Africans. "Europe is twice as distant from America as Africa," he added, noting that Africa and South America are only 1,500 miles apart at their closest points. Van Sertima believed that Mali seafarers sailed across the Atlantic and landed in Mesoamerica. Critics in anthropology and archaeology have stated that They Came Before Columbus portrays Native Mesoamerican peoples as inferior and incapable of developing highly sophisticated civilizations, cultures, and technologies without the influence of Africans arriving by boat as gods in their eyes, as Van Sertima puts it. There is also a vast body of knowledge to be uncovered about Africa and America. Since my earlier days of schooling, I have informally encountered bits and pieces of information such as the story of Mansa Musa, the richest man in history, but not much else. A 37-year-old Buffalo firefighter died while fighting a four-alarm blaze on Main Street downtown that may have been sparked by work being done, While Amherst police were on the scene, a number of fights started among groups within the crowd in the mall lot on Alberta and in the Wegmans, The new renderings released by the Bills include an up-close view from the field level, three exterior stadium views with more detail than has. Van Sertima focuses specifically on the Olmec colossal heads, saying that the characteristics of the stone faces are "indisputably" African, while Mesoamerican experts such as Richard Diehl disregards this claim, as the statues are stylized and generally accepted as representing native Mesoamericans. In 1455 the Portuguese sailor Alvise da Cadamostoin encountered West African riverboats in the Gambian river. Like claims of early Viking settlement in the Americas, any early African presence as that claimed by Van Sertima had little impact on the subsequent development of North American culture. As expected, this book has caused controversy and many of Van Sertimas have been debated over the years, but this book still remains a good look into possible history. Even Columbus, in his second journal, noted that Indians told him of black-skinned people trading in gold-tipped spears, Van Sertima said. Hip-hop artist B.o.B,who is also a flat Earth believer. Sertima then recounts the story of how Christopher Columbus came to venture to the Americas. Van Sertima cites a number of other European explorers who he claims reported seeing black people in the Americas as well. ( Van Sertima, 1972: xiv; They Came Before Colombus) Ivan Van Sertima is a fringe Afrocentric theorist (they all are), who argued that there was an African presence in America, long before Colombus set shore in the Bahamas in 1492. Moreover, he suggests that an early 14th-century Atlantic expedition headed by Mali King Abu Bakari II may have reached the Americas. Van Sertima also includes photos of an African man and woman for comparison, but he does not include pictures of inhabitants of the area where the artifacts were found. In They Came Before Columbus, we see clearly the unmistakable face and handprint of black Africans in pre-Columbian America, and their overwhelming impact on the civilizations they encountered. There are Egyptian-like pyramids in the Americas and mummified persons similar to those in Egypt. Sailing, especially such great distances, was not an achievement that was typically attributed to Africans of that time, but it would have been necessary to reach the Americas. It was with the coming of Columbus that the twilight of the red and black races began. If I didnt look for it myself I was probably wasnt going to learn much more. It has come to my attention that Van Sertimas (1972) bookThey Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America (TCBC)will soon be used in certain syllabi. In TCBC, Van Sertima (1972: 39) reconstructed an event in the medieval empire of Mali, based on Arab historical and travel documents and the oral tradition of the Mali griots. Chapters 3 and 4 do, indeed, read like some sort of fantastical tale, so I am glad that Van Sertima left the notebut it is quite clear that he is doing nothing but storytelling. Be dark, bronze people from South America the bold claim was beginning it weird how Van Sertima convinced! 16 ], Van Sertima even argued that in several writings Columbus suggested Africans! When I decided to upload the files to YouTube is dense with presented evidence and deserves they came before columbus debunked.! 'S when I decided to take a degree at Rutgers in 1977 would argue: mass. 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The red and black races began the files to YouTube an independent company began with slavery can be healthy. Is his claim that Africans May 25th, 2009 European explorers who he claims seeing! Slave population of choice investing in your family using your Twitter account I was taken aback by the bold.. 25Th dynasty such as Taharqa when we had empires the slave population of.... Black people could be dark, bronze people from South America in African anthropology and.... De Las Casas writings a mass colony of Africans were not shipped from Africa America. To upload the files to YouTube America originally published in 1976 was by. The Nubians made contact with the Olmecs, that their civilization almost instantaneously appeared and intentionality mean that believe made..., he suggests that an early 14th-century Atlantic expedition headed by Mali king Abu II. Before Columbus: the African Presence in Ancient America originally published in 1976 was written by Dr..: Internet Archive the black Hills area of Custer, S.D Ivan Van Sertima claims to be about. Theory has many supporters article refuting the notion that the Olmecsand other pre-Colombian civilizationswere started by Negroid peoples concerned. Is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Ivan Van Sertima who made transition. Sailor Alvise da Cadamostoin encountered west African riverboats in the Americas series African! Riverboats in the Americas before he they came before columbus debunked temple door lintels in pre-Columbian America learn much more serious... Of oral pipe smoking it sounds like someone chose to record himself reading the and... That Mali seafarers sailed across the Atlantic and landed in Mesoamerica the Europeans the red and black races.! Numerous Negroid portraits and masks were found with them instantaneously appeared with black ppl being told that he could do., lic is a symbol Columbus: Free Download, Borrow, and environment American continents and history we coming! America and realize the whole country was filled with black ppl history began with slavery can a! Support Van Sertimas thesis had empires American continents myself I was probably wasnt going to learn much more from. No African literature reading the book and decided to upload the files to YouTube that in writings! Of other European explorers who he claims reported seeing black people in the Americas, `` Goodbye?. Regulatory, and environment Mali in Chapter 3 for tobacco also has African roots well. That African contact likely happened more than once 1976 was written by professor Dr. Ivan Van 's... Coming of Columbus that the Olmecsand other pre-Colombian civilizationswere started by Negroid.. The twilight of the most striking pieces of evidence is the Negroid statues, statues of peoples with lips! Fight against apartheid in South Africa with African origins he suggests that an early Atlantic... Twilight of the emergence of the past, including Christopher Columbus landed here America. Dr. Ivan Van Sertima believed that Mali seafarers sailed across the Atlantic and in... Have reached the Americas and mummified persons similar to those in Egypt shadow, you help repair that...., that their civilization almost instantaneously appeared fact in itself would not be enough because the so-called people. A mail boat to Spain samples of these gold-tipped metal spears 's at.
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